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Founding Reader

The Federalist

The complete series

85 essays, Publius’s full run from October 1787 to August 1788. Each number opens its complete text.

No.TitleAuthorDate
1General IntroductionAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, October 27, 1787
2Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and InfluenceJohn JayThe Independent Journal, October 31, 1787
3The Same Subject Continued (Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence)John JayThe Independent Journal, November 3, 1787
4The Same Subject Continued (Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence)John JayThe Independent Journal, November 7, 1787
5The Same Subject Continued (Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence)John JayThe Independent Journal, November 10, 1787
6Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the StatesAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, November 14, 1787
7The Same Subject Continued (Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States)Alexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, November 15, 1787
8The Consequences of Hostilities Between the StatesAlexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, November 20, 1787
9The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and InsurrectionAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, November 21, 1787
10The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and InsurrectionJames MadisonThe Daily Advertiser, November 22, 1787
11The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a NavyAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, November 24, 1787
12The Utility of the Union In Respect to RevenueAlexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, November 27, 1787
13Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in GovernmentAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, November 28, 1787
14Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory AnsweredJames MadisonThe New York Packet, November 30, 1787
15The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the UnionAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, December 1, 1787
16The Same Subject Continued (The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union)Alexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, December 4, 1787
17The Same Subject Continued (The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union)Alexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, December 5, 1787
18The Same Subject Continued (The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union)James Madison, with Alexander Hamilton*The New York Packet, December 7, 1787
19The Same Subject Continued (The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union)James Madison, with Alexander Hamilton*The Independent Journal, December 8, 1787
20The Same Subject Continued (The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union)James Madison, with Alexander Hamilton*The New York Packet, December 11, 1787
21Other Defects of the Present ConfederationAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, December 12, 1787
22The Same Subject Continued (Other Defects of the Present Confederation)Alexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, December 14, 1787
23The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the UnionAlexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, December 18, 1787
24The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further ConsideredAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, December 19, 1787
25The Same Subject Continued (The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered)Alexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, December 21, 1787
26The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense ConsideredAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, December 22, 1787
27The Same Subject Continued (The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered)Alexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, December 25, 1787
28The Same Subject Continued (The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered)Alexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, December 26, 1787
29Concerning the MilitiaAlexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, January 9, 1788
30Concerning the General Power of TaxationAlexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, December 28, 1787
31The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)Alexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, January 1, 1788
32The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)Alexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, January 2, 1788
33The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)Alexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, January 2, 1788
34The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)Alexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, January 5, 1788
35The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)Alexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, January 5, 1788
36The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)Alexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, January 8, 1788
37Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of GovernmentJames MadisonThe Daily Advertiser, January 11, 1788
38The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan ExposedJames MadisonThe Independent Journal, January 12, 1788
39The Conformity of the Plan to Republican PrinciplesJames MadisonThe Independent Journal, January 16, 1788
40On the Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and SustainedJames MadisonThe New York Packet, January 18, 1788
41General View of the Powers Conferred by The ConstitutionJames MadisonThe Independent Journal, January 19, 1788
42The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further ConsideredJames MadisonThe New York Packet, January 22, 1788
43The Same Subject Continued (The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered)James MadisonThe Independent Journal, January 23, 1788
44Restrictions on the Authority of the Several StatesJames MadisonThe New York Packet, January 25, 1788
45The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments. ConsideredJames MadisonThe Independent Journal, January 26, 1788
46The Influence of the State and Federal Governments ComparedJames MadisonThe New York Packet, January 29, 1788
47The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different PartsJames MadisonThe Independent Journal, January 30, 1788
48These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each OtherJames MadisonThe New York Packet, February 1, 1788
49Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a ConventionJames Madison*The Independent Journal, February 2, 1788
50Periodical Appeals to the People ConsideredJames Madison*The New York Packet, February 5, 1788
51The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different DepartmentsJames Madison*The Independent Journal, February 6, 1788
52The House of RepresentativesJames Madison*The New York Packet, February 8, 1788
53The Same Subject Continued (The House of Representatives)James Madison*The Independent Journal, February 9, 1788
54The Apportionment of Members Among the StatesJames Madison*The New York Packet, February 12, 1788
55The Total Number of the House of RepresentativesJames Madison*The Independent Journal, February 13, 1788
56The Same Subject Continued (The Total Number of the House of Representatives)James Madison*The Independent Journal, February 16, 1788
57The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many Considered in Connection with RepresentationJames Madison*The New York Packet, February 19, 1788
58Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands. ConsideredJames Madison*The Independent Journal, February 20, 1788
59Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of MembersAlexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, February 22, 1788
60The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members)Alexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, February 23, 1788
61The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members)Alexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, February 26, 1788
62The SenateJames Madison*The Independent Journal, February 27, 1788
63The Senate ContinuedJames Madison*The Independent Journal, March 1, 1788
64The Powers of the SenateJohn JayThe Independent Journal, March 5, 1788
65The Powers of the Senate ContinuedAlexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, March 7, 1788
66Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further ConsideredAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, March 8, 1788
67The Executive DepartmentAlexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, March 11, 1788
68The Mode of Electing the PresidentAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, March 12, 1788
69The Real Character of the ExecutiveAlexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, March 14, 1788
70The Executive Department Further ConsideredAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, March 15, 1788
71The Duration in Office of the ExecutiveAlexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, March 18, 1788
72The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive ConsideredAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, March 19, 1788
73The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto PowerAlexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, March 21, 1788
74The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the ExecutiveAlexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, March 25, 1788
75The Treaty-Making Power of the ExecutiveAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, March 26, 1788
76The Appointing Power of the ExecutiveAlexander HamiltonThe New York Packet, April 1, 1788
77The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive ConsideredAlexander HamiltonThe Independent Journal, April 2, 1788
78The Judiciary DepartmentAlexander HamiltonMcLean's edition, May 28, 1788
79The Judiciary ContinuedAlexander HamiltonMcLean's edition, May 28, 1788
80The Powers of the JudiciaryAlexander HamiltonMcLean's edition, May 28, 1788
81The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial AuthorityAlexander HamiltonMcLean's edition, May 28, 1788
82The Judiciary ContinuedAlexander HamiltonMcLean's edition, May 28, 1788
83The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by JuryAlexander HamiltonMcLean's edition, May 28, 1788
84Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and AnsweredAlexander HamiltonMcLean's edition, May 28, 1788 (reprinted New York Packet, July 16, 1788)
85Concluding RemarksAlexander HamiltonMcLean's edition, May 28, 1788

* Authorship historically disputed or jointly credited for this essay. See the essay’s own page for the recorded attribution note and source.